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Maarat al-Numan

Maarat al-Numan (Arabic: مَعَرَّةُ النُّعْمَانِ, romanizedMaʿarrat an-Nuʿmān), also known as al-Ma'arra, is a city in northwestern Syria, 33 km (21 mi) south of Idlib and 57 km (35 mi) north of Hama, with a population of about 58,008 before the Civil War (2004 census). In 2017, it was estimated to have a population of 80,000, including several displaced by fighting in neighbouring towns.[1] It is located on the highway between Aleppo and Hama and near the Dead Cities of Bara and Serjilla.

Maarat al-Numan
مَعَرَّةُ النُّعْمَانِ
A collage of Maarat al-Numan landmarks
Maarat al-Numan
Location within Syria
Coordinates: 35°38′N 36°40′E / 35.633°N 36.667°E / 35.633; 36.667
Country Syria
GovernorateIdlib
DistrictMaarat al-Numan
SubdistrictMaarat al-Numan
Elevation
522 m (1,713 ft)
Population
 (2009)
 • Total87,742
Demonym(s)Arabic: معري, romanizedMaarri
Time zoneUTC+3 (EET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (EEST)
GeocodeC3985
ClimateBSk

Name edit

The city, known as Arra to the Greeks, has its present-day name combined from the Aramaic word for cave ܡܥܪܗ (mʿarā) and that of its first Muslim governor, Nu'man ibn Bashir al-Ansari, a companion of Muhammad, meaning “the Cave of Nu’man.” The crusaders called it Marre. There are many towns throughout Syria with names that begin with the word Maarat, such as Maarrat Misrin and Maarat Saidnaya.

History edit

Abbasids to Fatimids (891–1086) edit

 
Abû Zayd pleads before the Qadi of Ma`arra (1334)

In 891 Ya‘qubi described Maarrat al-Nu‘man as "an ancient city, now a ruin. It lies in the Hims province."[2] By the time of Estakhri (951) the place had recovered, as he described the city "very full of good things, and very opulent". Figs, pistachios and vines were cultivated.[2] In 1047 Nasir Khusraw visited the city, and described it as a populous town with a stone wall. There was a Friday Mosque, on a height, in the middle of the town. The bazaars were full of traffic. Considerable areas of cultivated land surrounded the town, with plenty of fig-trees, olives, pistachios, almonds and grapes.[2][3]

Crusader Ma‘arra massacre (1098) edit

The most infamous event from the city's history dates from late 1098, during the First Crusade. After the crusaders, led by Raymond de Saint Gilles and Bohemond of Taranto, successfully besieged Antioch they found themselves with insufficient supplies of food. During or after the siege of Ma‘arra some of the starving crusaders therefore resorted to cannibalism, feeding on the bodies of Muslims. This fact itself is not seriously in doubt, as it is acknowledged by nearly a dozen Christian chronicles written during the twenty years after the Crusade, all of which are based at least to some degrees on eyewitness accounts.[4] The crusaders' cannibalism is also briefly mentioned in an Arab source, which explains it as due to hunger.[5]

There is conflicting evidence on when exactly and why the cannibalism happened. Some sources state that enemies were eaten during the siege, others (a slight majority) state that it happened after the city had been conquered.[6] Another source of tension exists regarding its motives – was it practised secretly due to famine and lack of food, as some sources suggest, or publicly in front of the enemies in order to shock and frighten them, as others imply?[7]

The earliest of the texts suggesting that the cannibalism occurred after the end of the siege and was entirely motivated by hunger is the Gesta Francorum. It states that because of great deprivations after the siege, "Some cut the flesh of dead bodies into strips and cooked them for eating." Peter Tudebode's chronicle gives a similar description, though adding that only Muslims were eaten.[8] Several other works include similar accounts, likewise stating that only Muslims or "Turks" were consumed.[9]

Three other accounts, by Fulcher of Chartres (who was a participant of the Crusade though not personally present at Ma‘arra), Albert of Aachen and Ralph of Caen (both of whom based their accounts on interviews with participants) state that the cannibalism happened during the siege and suggest that it was a public spectacle rather than a shameful, hidden episode.[10] Ralph states that "a lack of food compelled them to make a meal of human flesh, that adults were put in the stewpot, and that [children] were skewered on spits. Both were cooked and eaten."[11]

Several medieval interpretations of the cannibalism during the Crusade, by Guibert of Nogent, William of Tyre, and in the Chanson d'Antioche, interpret it as an deliberate act of psychological warfare, "intended to strike fear in the enemy". This implies it must have happened during rather than after the siege, "while there were still Muslims alive to witness it and to feel the horror that was its intended by-product".[12]

Some chroniclers as well as various later sources blame the cannibalism at Ma'arra at the Tafurs, a group of crusaders who followed strict oaths of poverty. One interpretation in this tradition is the French poem The Leaguer of Antioch, which contains lines such as:

Then came to him the King Tafur, and with him fifty score
Of men-at-arms, not one of them but hunger gnawed him sore.
Thou holy Hermit, counsel us, and help us at our need;
Help, for God's grace, these starving men with wherewithal to feed.
But Peter answered, 'Out, ye drones, a helpless pack that cry,
While all unburied round about the slaughtered Paynim lie.
A dainty dish is Paynim flesh, with salt and roasting due.[13]

In concluding his discussion of the various accounts of the cannibalism, historian Jay Rubenstein notes that the chroniclers clearly felt discomfort and tried to downplay what had happened, hence tending to give only part of the facts (but without agreeing on which part and interpretation to give).[14] He also notes that the fact that only Muslims were eaten is at odds with hunger as sole or primary motive – presumably, desperate starving people would not have cared much about the religion of those they consumed.[15] He concludes that the cannibalism at Ma‘arra likely went "beyond poor and hungry people eating from the dead" in secret, rather suggesting that "some of the soldiers must have recognized its potential utility [as a weapon of terror] and, hoping to drive the defenders into a quick surrender, made a spectacle of the eating, and made sure that Muslims were the only ones eaten."[14] He notes, however, that the Tafurs were almost certainly "scapegoats" blamed for acts which were by no means particularly limited to them.[16]

Historian Thomas Asbridge states that, while the "cannibalism at Marrat is among the most infamous of all the atrocities perpetrated by the First Crusaders", it nevertheless had "some positive effects on the crusaders' short-term prospects". Reports and rumours of their brutality in Ma‘arra and Antioch convinced "many Muslim commanders and garrisons that the crusaders were bloodthirsty barbarians, invincible savages who could not be resisted". Accordingly, many of them decided to "accept costly and humiliating truces with the Franks rather than face them in battle".[17]

Late medieval period edit

Ibn al-Muqaddam received lands in Maarat al-Nuʿman in 1179 as part of his compensation for yielding Baalbek to Saladin's brother Turan Shah. Ibn Jubayr passed by the town in 1185, and wrote that "Everywhere around the town are gardens... It is one of the most fertile and richest lands in the world".[3] Ibn Battuta visited in 1355, and described the town as small. The figs and pistachios of the town were exported to Damascus.[18]

Syrian Civil War edit

The town was the focus of intense protests against the government of President Bashar al-Assad on 2 June 2011. On 25 October 2011, clashes occurred between loyalists and defected soldiers at a roadblock on the edge of the town. The defectors launched an assault on the government held roadblock in retaliation for a raid on their positions the previous night.[19] The Free Syrian Army took control in December 2011–January 2012. The regime recaptured it at a later date. On 10 June 2012, the FSA took it back, but the military recaptured it in August.[20] Finally the FSA captured the town again in October after the Battle of Maarat al-Numan (2012).

As the Syrian Civil War followed, the town's strategic position on the road between Damascus and Aleppo made it a significant prize. Starting on 8 October 2012, the Battle of Maarat al-Numan (2012) was fought between the FSA and the government, causing numerous civilian casualties and severe material damage. The town was home to the FSA Division 13.[1]

A hospital in Maarrat al-Nu'man was struck by missiles on 15 February 2016.[21][22][23] The hospital was targeted again by Syrian government and Russian planes in April 2017,[24] on 19 September 2017[25] and in early January 2018.[26] On 19 April 2016, at least 37 people were reportedly killed when the Syrian government launched air strikes on markets. Dozens more were also injured during the attack.[27][28] In 2016, the town came under the control of HTS, but was also the site of significant civil society protests against HTS in 2016 and 2017.[1] The town's market was bombed in October 2017.[29] The Syrian Liberation Front took the town from HTS (Al-Qaeda) on 21 February 2018.[30]

The Ma'arrat al-Numan market bombing was perpetrated on 22 July 2019.[31][32][33] It killed 43 civilians, and injured another 109 people.[34]

On 28 January 2020, Ma'arrat al-Nu'man was successfully captured by government forces during the 5th Northwestern Syria offensive.[35]

Landmarks edit

Today the city has a museum with mosaics from the Dead Cities, a Friday mosque, a madrassa built by Abu al-Farawis in 1199, and remains of the medieval citadel. The city is the birthplace of the poet Al-Maʿarri (973–1057).

Climate edit

Maarat al-Numan has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csa).

Climate data for Ma'arat al-Nu'man
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 8.8
(47.8)
11.4
(52.5)
16.1
(61.0)
21.8
(71.2)
28.3
(82.9)
32.8
(91.0)
35.1
(95.2)
35.6
(96.1)
31.8
(89.2)
26.2
(79.2)
18.1
(64.6)
11.5
(52.7)
23.1
(73.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) 4.9
(40.8)
6.7
(44.1)
10.6
(51.1)
15.1
(59.2)
20.7
(69.3)
25.3
(77.5)
28.0
(82.4)
28.3
(82.9)
24.1
(75.4)
18.9
(66.0)
12.0
(53.6)
7.3
(45.1)
16.8
(62.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 1.0
(33.8)
2.1
(35.8)
5.1
(41.2)
8.4
(47.1)
13.2
(55.8)
17.8
(64.0)
21.0
(69.8)
21.0
(69.8)
16.4
(61.5)
11.7
(53.1)
6.0
(42.8)
3.1
(37.6)
10.6
(51.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 87
(3.4)
73
(2.9)
55
(2.2)
34
(1.3)
19
(0.7)
6
(0.2)
0
(0)
0
(0)
5
(0.2)
21
(0.8)
35
(1.4)
84
(3.3)
419
(16.4)
Source: Climate-Data.org[36]

See also edit

References edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ a b c A Small Syrian Town’s Revolt Against Al-Qaida, News Deeply, 15 June 2017
  2. ^ a b c le Strange, 1890, p. 495
  3. ^ a b le Strange, 1890, p. 496
  4. ^ Rubenstein 2008, pp. 526, 537.
  5. ^ Bourget, Carine (2006). "The Rewriting of History in Amin Maalouf's The Crusades Through Arab Eyes". Studies in 20th & 21st Century Literature. 30 (2, Article 3): 269. doi:10.4148/2334-4415.1633. from the original on 19 July 2018.
  6. ^ Rubenstein 2008, p. 537.
  7. ^ Rubenstein 2008, pp. 533, 535, 541.
  8. ^ Rubenstein 2008, pp. 530–531.
  9. ^ Rubenstein 2008, pp. 532–533.
  10. ^ Rubenstein 2008, pp. 534–536.
  11. ^ Rubenstein 2008, p. 536.
  12. ^ Rubenstein 2008, pp. 539–542.
  13. ^ Von Sybel, History and Literature of the Crusades; translated by Lady Duff Gordon.
  14. ^ a b Rubenstein 2008, p. 550.
  15. ^ Rubenstein 2008, p. 529.
  16. ^ Rubenstein 2008, p. 551.
  17. ^ Asbridge, Thomas (2004). The First Crusade: A New History. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 274–275. ISBN 978-0-19-517823-4.
  18. ^ le Strange, 1890, p. 497
  19. ^ "Assad forces fight deserters at northwestern town". Reuters. 25 October 2011.
  20. ^ "Syria sends extra troops after rebels seize Idlib: NGO". English.ahram.org.eg. 2012-10-10.
  21. ^ SPIEGEL ONLINE, Hamburg, Germany (15 February 2016). "Syrien: Ärzte-ohne-Grenzen-Krankenhaus bombardiert - ein gezielter Angriff?". SPIEGEL ONLINE. Retrieved 20 April 2016.
  22. ^ "Un hôpital de MSF en Syrie touché par des frappes aériennes". Radio-Canada.ca. Retrieved 20 April 2016.
  23. ^ "MSF-backed hospital in Syria destroyed by air strikes: statement". Reuters. 2016-02-15. Retrieved 2016-02-15.
  24. ^ Diana Al Rifai Air strike destroys hospital in Idlib's Maaret al-Numan, Al-Jazeera, 3 Apr 2017
  25. ^ Kristin Helberg Fighting the jihadists with unusual weapons, Qantara, 06.01.2018
  26. ^ Syrian government defends Idlib campaign, condemns France, Reuters, 11 January 2018.
  27. ^ "Syria conflict: Air strikes on Idlib markets 'kill dozens'". BBC News. 19 April 2016.
  28. ^ "Air strike on market kills around 40 in opposition-held northwest Syria". Reuters. 19 April 2016.
  29. ^ AFP, At least 11 dead in Syria market air strike: Monitor, Middle East Eye, 9 October 2017
  30. ^ "Two of the largest factions in Syria's northwest merge, challenge HTS dominance". Syria Direct. 22 February 2018. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
  31. ^ Chulov, Martin (23 July 2019). "Russia and Syria step up airstrikes against civilians in Idlib". Guardian. Retrieved 3 March 2020.
  32. ^ "'Boundless criminality': Dozens killed in Idlib market bombing". Al Jazeera. 22 July 2019. Retrieved 3 March 2020.
  33. ^ "Syria war: Air strikes on town in rebel-held Idlib 'kill 31'". BBC News. 22 July 2019. Retrieved 3 March 2020.
  34. ^ "As children freeze to death in Syria, aid officials call for major cross-border delivery boost". UN News. 2 March 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
  35. ^ Middle East Eye
  36. ^ "Climate: Ma'arat al-Nu'man". Retrieved March 10, 2019.

Sources edit

External links edit

  • Encyclopedia of the Orient: Crusades
  • Telegraph.co.uk: "Syria-bloody-protests-over-the-slaying-of-30-children"

35°38′19″N 36°40′18″E / 35.63861°N 36.67167°E / 35.63861; 36.67167

maarat, numan, arabic, الن, ان, romanized, maʿarrat, nuʿmān, also, known, arra, city, northwestern, syria, south, idlib, north, hama, with, population, about, before, civil, 2004, census, 2017, estimated, have, population, including, several, displaced, fighti. Maarat al Numan Arabic م ع ر ة الن ع م ان romanized Maʿarrat an Nuʿman also known as al Ma arra is a city in northwestern Syria 33 km 21 mi south of Idlib and 57 km 35 mi north of Hama with a population of about 58 008 before the Civil War 2004 census In 2017 it was estimated to have a population of 80 000 including several displaced by fighting in neighbouring towns 1 It is located on the highway between Aleppo and Hama and near the Dead Cities of Bara and Serjilla Maarat al Numan م ع ر ة الن ع م ان CityA collage of Maarat al Numan landmarksMaarat al NumanLocation within SyriaCoordinates 35 38 N 36 40 E 35 633 N 36 667 E 35 633 36 667Country SyriaGovernorateIdlibDistrictMaarat al NumanSubdistrictMaarat al NumanElevation522 m 1 713 ft Population 2009 Total87 742Demonym s Arabic معري romanized MaarriTime zoneUTC 3 EET Summer DST UTC 2 EEST GeocodeC3985ClimateBSk Contents 1 Name 2 History 2 1 Abbasids to Fatimids 891 1086 2 2 Crusader Ma arra massacre 1098 2 3 Late medieval period 2 4 Syrian Civil War 3 Landmarks 4 Climate 5 See also 6 References 6 1 Notes 6 2 Sources 7 External linksName editThe city known as Arra to the Greeks has its present day name combined from the Aramaic word for cave ܡܥܪܗ mʿara and that of its first Muslim governor Nu man ibn Bashir al Ansari a companion of Muhammad meaning the Cave of Nu man The crusaders called it Marre There are many towns throughout Syria with names that begin with the word Maarat such as Maarrat Misrin and Maarat Saidnaya History editAbbasids to Fatimids 891 1086 edit nbsp Abu Zayd pleads before the Qadi of Ma arra 1334 In 891 Ya qubi described Maarrat al Nu man as an ancient city now a ruin It lies in the Hims province 2 By the time of Estakhri 951 the place had recovered as he described the city very full of good things and very opulent Figs pistachios and vines were cultivated 2 In 1047 Nasir Khusraw visited the city and described it as a populous town with a stone wall There was a Friday Mosque on a height in the middle of the town The bazaars were full of traffic Considerable areas of cultivated land surrounded the town with plenty of fig trees olives pistachios almonds and grapes 2 3 Crusader Ma arra massacre 1098 edit Main article Siege of Ma arra The most infamous event from the city s history dates from late 1098 during the First Crusade After the crusaders led by Raymond de Saint Gilles and Bohemond of Taranto successfully besieged Antioch they found themselves with insufficient supplies of food During or after the siege of Ma arra some of the starving crusaders therefore resorted to cannibalism feeding on the bodies of Muslims This fact itself is not seriously in doubt as it is acknowledged by nearly a dozen Christian chronicles written during the twenty years after the Crusade all of which are based at least to some degrees on eyewitness accounts 4 The crusaders cannibalism is also briefly mentioned in an Arab source which explains it as due to hunger 5 There is conflicting evidence on when exactly and why the cannibalism happened Some sources state that enemies were eaten during the siege others a slight majority state that it happened after the city had been conquered 6 Another source of tension exists regarding its motives was it practised secretly due to famine and lack of food as some sources suggest or publicly in front of the enemies in order to shock and frighten them as others imply 7 The earliest of the texts suggesting that the cannibalism occurred after the end of the siege and was entirely motivated by hunger is the Gesta Francorum It states that because of great deprivations after the siege Some cut the flesh of dead bodies into strips and cooked them for eating Peter Tudebode s chronicle gives a similar description though adding that only Muslims were eaten 8 Several other works include similar accounts likewise stating that only Muslims or Turks were consumed 9 Three other accounts by Fulcher of Chartres who was a participant of the Crusade though not personally present at Ma arra Albert of Aachen and Ralph of Caen both of whom based their accounts on interviews with participants state that the cannibalism happened during the siege and suggest that it was a public spectacle rather than a shameful hidden episode 10 Ralph states that a lack of food compelled them to make a meal of human flesh that adults were put in the stewpot and that children were skewered on spits Both were cooked and eaten 11 Several medieval interpretations of the cannibalism during the Crusade by Guibert of Nogent William of Tyre and in the Chanson d Antioche interpret it as an deliberate act of psychological warfare intended to strike fear in the enemy This implies it must have happened during rather than after the siege while there were still Muslims alive to witness it and to feel the horror that was its intended by product 12 Some chroniclers as well as various later sources blame the cannibalism at Ma arra at the Tafurs a group of crusaders who followed strict oaths of poverty One interpretation in this tradition is the French poem The Leaguer of Antioch which contains lines such as Then came to him the King Tafur and with him fifty score Of men at arms not one of them but hunger gnawed him sore Thou holy Hermit counsel us and help us at our need Help for God s grace these starving men with wherewithal to feed But Peter answered Out ye drones a helpless pack that cry While all unburied round about the slaughtered Paynim lie A dainty dish is Paynim flesh with salt and roasting due 13 In concluding his discussion of the various accounts of the cannibalism historian Jay Rubenstein notes that the chroniclers clearly felt discomfort and tried to downplay what had happened hence tending to give only part of the facts but without agreeing on which part and interpretation to give 14 He also notes that the fact that only Muslims were eaten is at odds with hunger as sole or primary motive presumably desperate starving people would not have cared much about the religion of those they consumed 15 He concludes that the cannibalism at Ma arra likely went beyond poor and hungry people eating from the dead in secret rather suggesting that some of the soldiers must have recognized its potential utility as a weapon of terror and hoping to drive the defenders into a quick surrender made a spectacle of the eating and made sure that Muslims were the only ones eaten 14 He notes however that the Tafurs were almost certainly scapegoats blamed for acts which were by no means particularly limited to them 16 Historian Thomas Asbridge states that while the cannibalism at Marrat is among the most infamous of all the atrocities perpetrated by the First Crusaders it nevertheless had some positive effects on the crusaders short term prospects Reports and rumours of their brutality in Ma arra and Antioch convinced many Muslim commanders and garrisons that the crusaders were bloodthirsty barbarians invincible savages who could not be resisted Accordingly many of them decided to accept costly and humiliating truces with the Franks rather than face them in battle 17 Late medieval period edit Ibn al Muqaddam received lands in Maarat al Nuʿman in 1179 as part of his compensation for yielding Baalbek to Saladin s brother Turan Shah Ibn Jubayr passed by the town in 1185 and wrote that Everywhere around the town are gardens It is one of the most fertile and richest lands in the world 3 Ibn Battuta visited in 1355 and described the town as small The figs and pistachios of the town were exported to Damascus 18 Syrian Civil War edit The town was the focus of intense protests against the government of President Bashar al Assad on 2 June 2011 On 25 October 2011 clashes occurred between loyalists and defected soldiers at a roadblock on the edge of the town The defectors launched an assault on the government held roadblock in retaliation for a raid on their positions the previous night 19 The Free Syrian Army took control in December 2011 January 2012 The regime recaptured it at a later date On 10 June 2012 the FSA took it back but the military recaptured it in August 20 Finally the FSA captured the town again in October after the Battle of Maarat al Numan 2012 As the Syrian Civil War followed the town s strategic position on the road between Damascus and Aleppo made it a significant prize Starting on 8 October 2012 the Battle of Maarat al Numan 2012 was fought between the FSA and the government causing numerous civilian casualties and severe material damage The town was home to the FSA Division 13 1 A hospital in Maarrat al Nu man was struck by missiles on 15 February 2016 21 22 23 The hospital was targeted again by Syrian government and Russian planes in April 2017 24 on 19 September 2017 25 and in early January 2018 26 On 19 April 2016 at least 37 people were reportedly killed when the Syrian government launched air strikes on markets Dozens more were also injured during the attack 27 28 In 2016 the town came under the control of HTS but was also the site of significant civil society protests against HTS in 2016 and 2017 1 The town s market was bombed in October 2017 29 The Syrian Liberation Front took the town from HTS Al Qaeda on 21 February 2018 30 The Ma arrat al Numan market bombing was perpetrated on 22 July 2019 31 32 33 It killed 43 civilians and injured another 109 people 34 On 28 January 2020 Ma arrat al Nu man was successfully captured by government forces during the 5th Northwestern Syria offensive 35 Landmarks editToday the city has a museum with mosaics from the Dead Cities a Friday mosque a madrassa built by Abu al Farawis in 1199 and remains of the medieval citadel The city is the birthplace of the poet Al Maʿarri 973 1057 Climate editMaarat al Numan has a hot summer Mediterranean climate Koppen climate classification Csa Climate data for Ma arat al Nu manMonth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearMean daily maximum C F 8 8 47 8 11 4 52 5 16 1 61 0 21 8 71 2 28 3 82 9 32 8 91 0 35 1 95 2 35 6 96 1 31 8 89 2 26 2 79 2 18 1 64 6 11 5 52 7 23 1 73 6 Daily mean C F 4 9 40 8 6 7 44 1 10 6 51 1 15 1 59 2 20 7 69 3 25 3 77 5 28 0 82 4 28 3 82 9 24 1 75 4 18 9 66 0 12 0 53 6 7 3 45 1 16 8 62 3 Mean daily minimum C F 1 0 33 8 2 1 35 8 5 1 41 2 8 4 47 1 13 2 55 8 17 8 64 0 21 0 69 8 21 0 69 8 16 4 61 5 11 7 53 1 6 0 42 8 3 1 37 6 10 6 51 0 Average precipitation mm inches 87 3 4 73 2 9 55 2 2 34 1 3 19 0 7 6 0 2 0 0 0 0 5 0 2 21 0 8 35 1 4 84 3 3 419 16 4 Source Climate Data org 36 See also editGreat Mosque of Maarat al NumanReferences editNotes edit a b c A Small Syrian Town s Revolt Against Al Qaida News Deeply 15 June 2017 a b c le Strange 1890 p 495 a b le Strange 1890 p 496 Rubenstein 2008 pp 526 537 Bourget Carine 2006 The Rewriting of History in Amin Maalouf s The Crusades Through Arab Eyes Studies in 20th amp 21st Century Literature 30 2 Article 3 269 doi 10 4148 2334 4415 1633 Archived from the original on 19 July 2018 Rubenstein 2008 p 537 Rubenstein 2008 pp 533 535 541 Rubenstein 2008 pp 530 531 Rubenstein 2008 pp 532 533 Rubenstein 2008 pp 534 536 Rubenstein 2008 p 536 Rubenstein 2008 pp 539 542 Von Sybel History and Literature of the Crusades translated by Lady Duff Gordon a b Rubenstein 2008 p 550 Rubenstein 2008 p 529 Rubenstein 2008 p 551 Asbridge Thomas 2004 The First Crusade A New History New York Oxford University Press pp 274 275 ISBN 978 0 19 517823 4 le Strange 1890 p 497 Assad forces fight deserters at northwestern town Reuters 25 October 2011 Syria sends extra troops after rebels seize Idlib NGO English ahram org eg 2012 10 10 SPIEGEL ONLINE Hamburg Germany 15 February 2016 Syrien Arzte ohne Grenzen Krankenhaus bombardiert ein gezielter Angriff SPIEGEL ONLINE Retrieved 20 April 2016 Un hopital de MSF en Syrie touche par des frappes aeriennes Radio Canada ca Retrieved 20 April 2016 MSF backed hospital in Syria destroyed by air strikes statement Reuters 2016 02 15 Retrieved 2016 02 15 Diana Al Rifai Air strike destroys hospital in Idlib s Maaret al Numan Al Jazeera 3 Apr 2017 Kristin Helberg Fighting the jihadists with unusual weapons Qantara 06 01 2018 Syrian government defends Idlib campaign condemns France Reuters 11 January 2018 Syria conflict Air strikes on Idlib markets kill dozens BBC News 19 April 2016 Air strike on market kills around 40 in opposition held northwest Syria Reuters 19 April 2016 AFP At least 11 dead in Syria market air strike Monitor Middle East Eye 9 October 2017 Two of the largest factions in Syria s northwest merge challenge HTS dominance Syria Direct 22 February 2018 Retrieved 22 February 2018 Chulov Martin 23 July 2019 Russia and Syria step up airstrikes against civilians in Idlib Guardian Retrieved 3 March 2020 Boundless criminality Dozens killed in Idlib market bombing Al Jazeera 22 July 2019 Retrieved 3 March 2020 Syria war Air strikes on town in rebel held Idlib kill 31 BBC News 22 July 2019 Retrieved 3 March 2020 As children freeze to death in Syria aid officials call for major cross border delivery boost UN News 2 March 2020 Retrieved 5 March 2020 Middle East Eye Climate Ma arat al Nu man Retrieved March 10 2019 Sources edit Amin Maalouf The Crusades Through Arab Eyes Schocken 1989 ISBN 0 8052 0898 4 le Strange Guy 1890 Palestine Under the Moslems A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A D 650 to 1500 Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund Rubenstein Jay 2008 Cannibals and Crusaders French Historical Studies 31 4 525 552 doi 10 1215 00161071 2008 005 nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ma arrat al Numan External links editEncyclopedia of the Orient Crusades Utah Indymedia The Cannibals of Ma arra Telegraph co uk Syria bloody protests over the slaying of 30 children 35 38 19 N 36 40 18 E 35 63861 N 36 67167 E 35 63861 36 67167 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Maarat al Numan amp oldid 1200306145, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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